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Indicators for Monitoring the
Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy (CPRGS)
The approval of the Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth
Strategy (CPRGS) in 2002 has set a platform for strengthening the
monitoring and evaluation system in Vietnam. The CPRGS has a
comprehensive list of monitoring indicators covering a wide range of
social, poverty and governance indicators, in addition to indicators
of macroeconomic performance. In all, there are 11 goals (the
Vietnam Development Goals – the VDGs) with 32 targets and 136
indicators.
Some of the VDGs are directly based on the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) endorsed by the international community, while others
are specific to Vietnam. And in all cases, the targets associated
with each of the VDGs are tailored to the circumstances of the
country. A very brief summary of the VDGs can be found in the table
below. This table also reports the available indicators on each of
the targets, thus allowing to measure the progress accomplished over
time. However, the blanks in the table highlight the difficulty in
transforming development goals into clearly spelled-out indicators.
This is, more generally, the difficulty when it comes to
implementing and monitoring a reform program as comprehensive and
ambitious as the one embodied in CPRGS.
The Vietnam
Development Goals
|
|
Goals and targets directly based on the MDGs |
Indicators |
|
|
Goal 1: Reduce the percentage of poor and hungry households |
1998 |
2002 |
|
|
Target 1: Reduce by 40 percent the proportion of people
living below the internationally accepted poverty line by
2010 |
37.4
|
28.9
|
|
|
Target 2: Reduce by 75 percent the proportion of people
living under the internationally accepted food poverty line
by 2010 |
15.0 |
10.9
|
|
|
Goal 2: Universalize education and improve education quality |
1998 |
2002 |
|
|
Target 1: Increase the net enrolment in primary school to
97 percent in 2005 and to 99 percent in 2010 |
91.4
|
90.1 |
|
|
Target 2: Increase net enrolment rate in junior secondary
school to 80 percent in 2005 and 90 percent by 2010 |
61.7
|
72.1
|
|
|
Target 3: Eliminate the gender gap in primary and secondary
education by 2005, and the gap with ethnic minorities in
2010 |
99
88.2 |
99
86.8
|
|
|
Target 4: Increase the literacy rate to 95 percent of
under-40-year-old women by 2005 and 100 percent by 2010 |
93.2
|
94.3 |
|
|
Target 5: By 2010 improve the quality of education and
increase full-day schooling at primary level. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
|
|
Goal 3: Ensure gender equality and women empowerment |
1992 |
2002 |
|
|
Target 1: Increase the percentage of women in elective
bodies at all levels.
|
18 |
27 |
|
|
Target 2: Increase the participation of women in ministries,
central agencies and enterprises at all levels by 3 to 5
percent in the next 10 years. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
|
|
Target 3: Ensure that the names of both husband and wife
appear on all land-use right certificates by 2005 |
n.a. |
2.5% |
|
|
Target 4: Reduce the vulnerability of women to domestic
violence.
|
n.a. |
n.a. |
|
|
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality, child malnutrition and the
birth rate |
1998 |
2002 |
|
|
Target 1: Reduce the infant mortality rate to 30 per 1000
live births by 2005 and 25 by 2010 and at a more rapid rate
in disadvantaged regions |
36.7 |
31 |
|
|
Target 2: Reduce the under-5 mortality rate to 36 per 1000
live births by 2005 and 32 by 2010 |
48.4 |
38 |
|
|
Target 3: Reduce under five malnutrition to 25 percent by
2005 and 20 percent by 2010 |
37
|
30
|
|
|
Goal 5: Improve maternal health |
1998 |
2002 |
|
|
Target 1: Reduce the maternal mortality rate to 80 per
100,000 live births by 2005 and 70 by 2010 |
200 |
165 |
|
|
Goal 6: Reduce HIV/AIDS infection and eradicate other major
diseases |
1998 |
2003 |
|
|
Target 1: Slow the increase in the spread of HIV/AIDS by
2005 and halve the rate of increase by 2010. |
12,500 |
70,000
|
|
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability |
1998 |
2002 |
|
|
Target 1: Extend forest cover to 43 percent by 2010 (from 33
percent in 1999)
|
30
|
36
|
|
|
Target 2: Ensure that 60 percent of the rural population (80
percent of urban population) has access to clean and safe
water by 2005 and 85 percent in 2010. |
48 |
56
|
|
|
Target 3: Ensure there are no slums and temporary houses in
all towns and cities by 2010 |
13.6 % |
12.2 % |
|
|
Target 4: Ensure that all waste-water in towns and cities is
treated by 2010 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
|
|
Target 5: Ensure that all solid waste is collected and
disposed of safely in all towns and cities by 2010 |
n.a. |
15% |
|
|
Target 6: Air and water pollution must attain national
standards by 2005
|
59% (1999) |
64% (2001) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Goals and targets not directly based on the MDGs |
Indicators |
|
Goal 8: Reduce vulnerability |
1998 |
2002 |
|
Target 1: Increase the average income of the lowest
expenditure quintile to 140 percent of that in 2000 and 190
percent in 2010 |
29%
(1993-98) |
8.9%
(1998-2002) |
|
Target 2: Reduce by half the rate of poor people falling
back into poverty due to natural disasters and other risks
by 2010 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
|
Goal 9: Improve governance for poverty reduction |
1998 |
2002 |
|
Target 1: Effectively implement grass-roots democracy
|
n.a. |
n.a. |
|
Target 2: Ensure budget transparency
|
n.a. |
n.a. |
|
Target 3: Implement legal reform agenda
|
|
|
|
Goal 10: Reduce ethnic inequality |
1998 |
2002 |
|
Target 1: Preserve and develop the reading and writing
ability of ethnic languages (literacy rates of ethnic
minorities aged 15-24) |
n.a. |
n.a. |
|
Target 2: Ensure entitlement of individual and collective
land-use rights for a large percentage of the population in
ethnic minority and mountainous areas |
n.a. |
n.a. |
|
Target 3: Increase the participation of ethnic minority
people in authority bodies at various levels |
n.a. |
n.a. |
|
Goal 11: Ensure pro-poor infrastructure development |
1998 |
2002 |
|
Target 1: Provide basic infrastructure to 80 percent of poor
communes by 2005 and 100 percent by 2010 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
Note:This table summarizes a fuller set of VDGs outlined in the
CPRGS; n.a. means not available.
Source: Vietnam Development Report 2004, based on Socialist
Republic of Vietnam (2002), United Nations Country Team
(forthcoming) and GSO data.
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